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Grammar reference
On-demand explanations for the form-meaning choices that trip learners up while reading, listening, or writing. Browse by language and open a topic when you hit one — no progress to track, just reference when you want it.
Spanish
5 topicsPrepositions
Por vs. Para
When English "for" splits into a reason versus a goal.
ReadVerbs
Ser vs. Estar
Two verbs for "to be" — lasting identity versus current state.
PlannedVerbs
Preterite vs. Imperfect
Completed events versus the ongoing background of the past.
PlannedPronouns
Object Pronouns
Placing and ordering me, te, lo, le, and se.
ReadMood
Subjunctive Triggers
Which phrases flip the following verb into the subjunctive.
PlannedFrench
3 topicsArticles
Partitive Articles
du, de la, des — how French says "some" before a noun.
PlannedPronouns
Object Pronouns
Where le, la, lui, y, and en land in the sentence.
PlannedVerbs
Passé Composé vs. Imparfait
Finished actions versus the ongoing past.
PlannedGerman
2 topicsCases
Nominative, Accusative, Dative
How the case reshapes the article and the meaning.
PlannedPrepositions
Two-Way Prepositions
Prepositions that switch case for motion versus location.
Planned